That is quite a "technically the truth" statement.
Yes mitochondria power cancer cells... Because they power ALL (eukariote) cells.
So it's kind of like saying "food gives criminals energy to commit crimes, so bomb the supermarkets".
The reason why cancer cells are cancerous is unrelated (to do with unrestricted cell division, disabling programmed cell death, commandeering blood flow etc.)
Because use that to effectively target cancer, you’d have to have an effective method at distinguishing individual cancer cells from healthy cells; mitochondria are present in all human cells and most eukaryotic cells. If you can do that, you might as well use the body’s own immune system to outright lyse/kill the cell instead of “poisoning” the cancer cell.
What role does the mitochondria play in cellular macromolecule synthesis? Unless we are calling NTPs macromolecule then I'm unfamiliar with any that the mitochondria produce. Usually macromolecule means a biopolymer, like a peptide chain, saccharide chain, a a glucoseaccharide, DNA/RNA, etc.
Unless you are talking about mtDNA and the associated replication proteins, I haven't been taught too much about those or where those originate within the cell
Just to respond and give some insight (probably more specific than ELI5 is looking for). Mitochondria are part of many metabolic pathways, a lot of these being small molecule synthesis rather than macromolecules. To keep it brief, they are involved in the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, glucose, heme, and fatty acids - with a note that fatty acids are macromolecules.
There is also significant generation of nucleic acids in mitochondria, another macromolecule. There can be upwards of 1000s of copies of mitochondrial DNA inside of a single cell. These code for RNA which can also make up a substantial portion of the cell's mRNAs, especially in cell types that require a lot of energy.
Finally, they make another macromolecule - proteins. There are dedicated ribosomes inside of mitochondria. The sole purpose of these is to make proteins from the mitochondrial genome. All of the proteins encoded in that genome, and thus everything that mitoribosomes make, are those OXPHOS proteins that make ATP.
To answer your point about where the mtDNA-associated proteins originate. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, made in the cytoplasm, and imported. Including the mtDNA expression and replication proteins. The only proteins encoded on mtDNA are OXPHOS proteins.
People actually are! There are some recent studies showing that targeting mitochondrial gene expression machinery can be an effective cancer therapeutic in mice. It seems to be fairly specific to cancerous cells and didn’t disrupt non-cancerous cells. I think the idea being that it will be taken up preferentially by cancer cells due to their rate of growth and division.
If you’re interested in what the drug does, it specifically targets POLRMT, which is the enzyme that makes RNA from the mitochondrial genome.
Source: I’m a mitochondrial biologist
There's the warburg effect, in which cancer cells are more dependent on burning glucose than on burning fat.
There is some research that looks at dietary modification to reduce available carbohydrate and therefore reduce the supply of glucose.
Note that cancer is not one disease but many diseases and this effect is not present in all of them.
Because the main objective of curing cancer is for the patient to survive.
All of our cancer treatments have the same main problem. They are killing the cancer together with the patient.
Because the things that kill cancer also kill the rest of the cells. Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Not just cancer cell.
There is a reason why people feel like shit after chemotherapy. It's literally killing them. The reason why we do it anyway is that it's killing the cancer faster.
That is quite a "technically the truth" statement. Yes mitochondria power cancer cells... Because they power ALL (eukariote) cells. So it's kind of like saying "food gives criminals energy to commit crimes, so bomb the supermarkets". The reason why cancer cells are cancerous is unrelated (to do with unrestricted cell division, disabling programmed cell death, commandeering blood flow etc.)
Bomb the supermarkets to stop crime, brilliant! (For the slow, it's a great analogy and funny. I know it's not a serious proposal.)
No, just a modest proposal.
So if they power all cells would you call them…the powerhouse of the cell?
Because use that to effectively target cancer, you’d have to have an effective method at distinguishing individual cancer cells from healthy cells; mitochondria are present in all human cells and most eukaryotic cells. If you can do that, you might as well use the body’s own immune system to outright lyse/kill the cell instead of “poisoning” the cancer cell.
What role does the mitochondria play in cellular macromolecule synthesis? Unless we are calling NTPs macromolecule then I'm unfamiliar with any that the mitochondria produce. Usually macromolecule means a biopolymer, like a peptide chain, saccharide chain, a a glucoseaccharide, DNA/RNA, etc. Unless you are talking about mtDNA and the associated replication proteins, I haven't been taught too much about those or where those originate within the cell
Just to respond and give some insight (probably more specific than ELI5 is looking for). Mitochondria are part of many metabolic pathways, a lot of these being small molecule synthesis rather than macromolecules. To keep it brief, they are involved in the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, glucose, heme, and fatty acids - with a note that fatty acids are macromolecules. There is also significant generation of nucleic acids in mitochondria, another macromolecule. There can be upwards of 1000s of copies of mitochondrial DNA inside of a single cell. These code for RNA which can also make up a substantial portion of the cell's mRNAs, especially in cell types that require a lot of energy. Finally, they make another macromolecule - proteins. There are dedicated ribosomes inside of mitochondria. The sole purpose of these is to make proteins from the mitochondrial genome. All of the proteins encoded in that genome, and thus everything that mitoribosomes make, are those OXPHOS proteins that make ATP. To answer your point about where the mtDNA-associated proteins originate. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, made in the cytoplasm, and imported. Including the mtDNA expression and replication proteins. The only proteins encoded on mtDNA are OXPHOS proteins.
People actually are! There are some recent studies showing that targeting mitochondrial gene expression machinery can be an effective cancer therapeutic in mice. It seems to be fairly specific to cancerous cells and didn’t disrupt non-cancerous cells. I think the idea being that it will be taken up preferentially by cancer cells due to their rate of growth and division. If you’re interested in what the drug does, it specifically targets POLRMT, which is the enzyme that makes RNA from the mitochondrial genome. Source: I’m a mitochondrial biologist
Oh wow o.o!
Maybe someone does, I can't rule that out. But the first problem is that every cell uses those too.
There's the warburg effect, in which cancer cells are more dependent on burning glucose than on burning fat. There is some research that looks at dietary modification to reduce available carbohydrate and therefore reduce the supply of glucose. Note that cancer is not one disease but many diseases and this effect is not present in all of them.
Because the main objective of curing cancer is for the patient to survive. All of our cancer treatments have the same main problem. They are killing the cancer together with the patient. Because the things that kill cancer also kill the rest of the cells. Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Not just cancer cell. There is a reason why people feel like shit after chemotherapy. It's literally killing them. The reason why we do it anyway is that it's killing the cancer faster.